/var/log/faillog

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/var/log/faillog is a binary file that is processed by /usr/bin/faillog.
See:

man 8 faillog
man 5 faillog

faillog depends on pam_tally.so .

eg:

# /etc/pam.d/system-auth
auth      required     pam_tally.so no_magic_root
account   required     pam_tally.so deny=2 no_magic_root

kcheckpass[6209]: pam_tally(kde:auth): Error opening /var/log/faillog for update
kcheckpass[6209]: pam_tally(kde:auth): Error opening /var/log/faillog for read
kcheckpass[6209]: pam_ecryptfs: seteuid error
kcheckpass[6209]: pam_tally(kde:setcred): Error opening /var/log/faillog for update
kcheckpass[6209]: pam_tally(kde:setcred): Error opening /var/log/faillog for update