/var/log/Xorg.0.log

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See:
http://linux.overshoot.tv/wiki/xorg_server
http://linux.overshoot.tv/wiki/xorg_server_logs

If X is started as a user (startx), then you might find the logs at:
~/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log

/var/log/Xorg.N.log

You may notice various log files where the value of N is incremented:

Xorg.0.log
Xorg.1.log
Xorg.2.log
Xorg.3.log

The first file (Xorg.0.log) corresponds to the first X11 session opened, usually on VT7 (tty7).
The logs for the second X11 session (usually on VT8), will be logged in Xorg.1.log, etc.
Thus, each X11 session has its own log, and you may independently refer to the relevant one.
Of course, if you only ever have one X11 session, you'll only have Xorg.0.log.

Temporary logs

The Xorg logs are temporatry. Only the logs for the current and the previous X11 session are kept.
When after rebooting the computer, you start a first X11 session on VT7, the existing code>Xorg.0.log will be renamed as code>Xorg.0.log.old, and a new file with the same name created.

The timestamps in the logs correspond to the time since the computer was powered up.

Because a new log file is created for each new X11 session, be careful on how you use tail -f Xorg.0.log! If you start tail, then restart the X server then start a new X11 session, tail will not show anything because it is following the wrong file.