Question: Where does ksshaskpass store usernames and passwords?
Answer: ksshaskpass is only a frontend for kwallet,
so the proper question would be: "Where does kwallet store usernames and passwords?".
It appears that kwallet stores passwords in a binary encoded format within ~/.local/share/kwalletd/kdewallet.kwl, however this file being encoded, it is not editable manually.
If you wish, you may install and use kwalletmanager which is a GUI application to manage passwords.